Supplementation of rumen-protected lysine during the close-up period improves vaginal discharge clearance in Holstein dairy cows.

We aimed to evaluate the effects of rumen-protected lysine (RPL) supplementation during the close-up period on uterine involution and the resumption of ovarian function in dairy cows. Fifty-two multiparous Holstein cows were categorized based on parity and expected calving date and randomly assigned to the RPL or control (CON) groups. The RPL group received 80 g of RPL daily from day 21 before the expected calving date until parturition. Blood samples were obtained twice weekly from pre-supplementation to 6 weeks postpartum. The onset of luteal activity postpartum was determined via ultrasonography twice weekly for up to 6 weeks postpartum. Uterine involution was tracked at 3 and 5 weeks postpartum through the vaginal discharge score, percentage of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in endometrial cytology samples, presence of intrauterine fluid, and gravid horn diameter via ultrasonography. Before supplementation, the RPL group showed amino acid imbalance, which was improved by RPL supplementation. There were no significant differences in the onset of luteal activity, percentage of PMN, intrauterine fluid, or the diameter of the uterine horn between the two groups. The vaginal discharge score in the RPL group decreased from 3 to 5 weeks postpartum, whereas that in the CON groups did not decrease. The number of cows with clinical endometritis was lower in the RPL group. Overall, RPL supplementation during the close-up period enhanced vaginal discharge clearance, potentially averting clinical endometritis, but did not affect the first ovulation in dairy cows.

Newly developed dietary assessment tools for lutein and zeaxanthin are correlated with 24-hour diet recalls, but are not a valid measure of intake in Australian and United Kingdom adults.

Habitual dietary intake measurement of carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin (L/Z) has often been omitted or attempted with tools of unknown validity in past research. It was hypothesized that the dietary assessment tool, the L/Z screener, developed as part of this study, would be valid with agreement within 0.25 mg/day when compared against multiple 24-hour diet recalls in healthy Australian and United Kingdom adults. Two screeners with 91 food items were developed, 1 with a recall timeframe of a month and the other a week. Over 4 weeks, 56 Australian and 47 United Kingdom participants completed 4 weekly screeners, 2 monthly screeners, and eight 24-hour diet recalls. Validity was assessed through Bland-Altman plot analysis. L/Z intake measured by all tools was significantly correlated, with correlation coefficients from 0.58 to 0.83. Despite these correlations, the screeners were not valid, with poor Bland-Altman plot agreement when compared with the diet recalls. The Australian weekly screener performed best, demonstrating a mean difference of 0.51 mg/day and 95% limits of agreement between -1.46 mg/day and 2.49 mg/day of L/Z intake. Baby spinach, broccoli, and pumpkin provided the greatest proportion of L/Z intake. The low validity may be explained by high rates of misestimation or missed capture of moderate to high L/Z containing foods such as baby spinach. Prior research reliant on correlational statistics for L/Z tool validity should be interpreted with caution, and future screener development should prioritize accurate capture of high contribution foods.

Carotenoid degradation rate in milled grain of dent maize hybrids and its relationship with the grain physicochemical properties.

Carotenoids in maize grain degrade during storage, but the relationship between their stability and the physicochemical properties of the grain is unclear. Therefore, the carotenoid degradation rate in milled grain of three dent hybrids differing in grain hardness was evaluated at various temperatures (-20, 4 and 22 °C). The carotenoid degradation rate was calculated using first-order kinetics based on the content in the samples after 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 90 days of storage and related to the physicochemical properties of the grain. The highest grain hardness was found in the hybrid with the highest zein and endosperm lipid concentration, while the lowest grain hardness was found in the hybrid with the highest amylose content and the specific surface area of starch granule (SSA). As expected, carotenoids in milled maize grain were most stable at -20 °C, followed by storage at 4 and 22 °C. Tested hybrids differed in the degradation rate of zeaxanthin, α-cryptoxanthin and ß-carotene, and these responses were also temperature-dependent. In contrast, all hybrids showed similar degradation rate for lutein and ß-cryptoxanthin regardless of the storage temperature. Averaged over the hybrids, the degradation rate for individual carotenoids ranked as follows: lutein < zeaxanthin < α-cryptoxanthin < ß-cryptoxanthin < ß-carotene. The lower degradation rate for most carotenoids was mainly associated with a higher content of zein and specific endosperm lipids, with the exception of zeaxanthin, which showed an opposite pattern of response. Degradation rate for lutein and zeaxanthin negatively correlated with SSA, but interestingly, small starch granules were positively associated with higher degradation rate for mostcarotenoids. Dent-type hybrids may differ significantly in carotenoid degradation rate, which was associated with specific physicochemical properties of the maize grain.

Carotenoid-derived norsesquiterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids from Tagetes erecta L.

Tagetes erecta L. (marigold), a common landscaping flower widely cultivated in America, Africa, Asia and Europe, is the fundamental source of carotenoids (especially lutein) in food and pharmaceutical industry. Carotenoids are well-known to possess various healthy and beneficial biological activities such as eye protection, anti-aging, and anti-inflammatory. In our exploitation of carotenoid-derived products from T. erecta, nine previously undescribed compounds including seven megastigmane-type norsesquiterpenoids (1-7), one carotenoid-derived sesquiterpenoid (8), and one natural 3-hydroxyl-α-ionylideneacetic acid derivative (9), along with twelve known compounds (10-21), were afforded from the 95% ethanol extract of the petals of T. erecta. Their planar chemical structures and the absolute configurations were established by analysis of the extensive spectroscopic data including HRESI-MS, 1D/2D NMR and the simulation of ECD. Further, a plausible biosynthesis pathway for compounds 1-20 is proposed.

Neoxanthin is undetectable in human blood after ingestion of fresh young spinach leaf.

In a previous study, we demonstrated that the carotenoid neoxanthin was contained in young leafy vegetables including spinach and showed a fat accumulation inhibitory effect in vitro. To evaluate the bioavailability of neoxanthin, a raw young spinach leaf (100 g day-1 for 4 weeks) intake test was performed on 14 participants (36.5 ± 8.0 years; male:female ratio = 9:5). Neoxanthin, neochrome, ß-carotene, and lutein concentration in the spinach and blood of participants (before and after the test) was measured using high performance liquid chromatography. Neither neoxanthin nor neochrome was detected in the blood samples, whereas ß-carotene and lutein concentration significantly increased (1.4- and 1.9-fold, respectively) during testing. Neoxanthin bioavailability in humans is low; thus, it is unlikely to have a fat accumulation inhibitory effect in vivo, contrary to the result in vitro. Ingesting the leafy vegetables raw can help maintain high neoxanthin levels, but it is not beneficial for neoxanthin bioavailability.

An updated procedure for zeaxanthin and lutein quantification in corn grains based only in water and ethanol.

Corn grains are a major source of both the bioactive carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein. Current methods to quantify these substances have some disadvantages related to sustainability and sample throughput. This work aimed to develop a green, efficient, rapid, and reproducible analytical method to quantify these xanthophylls in corn grains. Solvents recommended by the CHEM21 solvent selection guide were screened. The extraction by dynamic maceration and separation by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography were optimized by design of experiments. Then, the entire analytical procedure was validated and compared with procedures used for the same purpose, including an official one, and applied to different corn samples. The proposed method was demonstrated to be greener, equal to or more efficient, faster, and more reproducible than the comparative methods. The extraction step could be scaled up for industrial production of zeaxanthin- and lutein-enriched extracts, as it uses only compatible food grade ethanol and water.

Transglutaminase, glucono-δ-lactone, and citric acid-induced whey protein isolation-milk fat emulsion gel embedding lutein and its application in processed cheese.

In this study, transglutaminase (TG), glucono-δ-lactone (GDL), and citric acid (CA) were used to induce the formation of whey protein isolate (WPI)-milk fat emulsion gels to embed lutein, and the emulsion gels induced in different ways were used for the preparation of processed cheese. The protective effect of emulsion gels induced in different ways on lutein was investigated, and the stability of lutein in emulsion gels and processed cheese was analyzed. The results showed that the acidification rate of CA was higher than that of GDL, which was the key step in acid-induced gels, and that the difference in acidification rate led to differences in gel structure. Compared with the 2 acid inducers (GDL and CA), TG exhibited greater potential for forming gel structures with high strength. The TG-induced emulsion gels showed the best physical stability and the highest embedding efficiency for lutein. After heat treatment (85°C), the GDL-induced emulsion gels had higher retention rate of lutein and showed good thermal stability compared with the CA-induced emulsion gels. The processed cheese added with the TG-induced emulsion gel had higher hardness and springiness compared with the processed cheese added with the other 2 kinds of emulsion gels, whereas the processed cheese added with the CA-induced emulsion gel had a lower density of network structure, showing porosity and a larger aggregated structure, but the highest bioavailability of lutein. These results provide valuable information for the formation of cold-set emulsion gel and provide the possibility for the application of emulsion gel embedding active substances in processed cheese.

Xanthophyll esterases in association with fibrillins control the stable storage of carotenoids in yellow flowers of rapeseed (Brassica juncea).

Biosynthesis, stabilization, and storage of carotenoids are vital processes in plants that collectively contribute to the vibrant colors observed in flowers and fruits. Despite its importance, the carotenoid storage pathway remains poorly understood and lacks thorough characterization. We identified two homologous genes, BjA02.PC1 and BjB04.PC2, belonging to the esterase/lipase/thioesterase (ELT) family of acyltransferases. We showed that BjPCs in association with fibrillin gene BjFBN1b control the stable storage of carotenoids in yellow flowers of Brassica juncea. Through genetic, high-resolution mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy analyses, we demonstrated that both BjA02.PC1 and BjB04.PC2 can promote the accumulation of esterified xanthophylls, facilitating the formation of carotenoid-enriched plastoglobules (PGs) and ultimately producing yellow pigments in flowers. The elimination of BjPCs led to the redirection of metabolic flux from xanthophyll ester biosynthesis to lipid biosynthesis, resulting in white flowers for B. juncea. Moreover, we genetically verified the function of two fibrillin genes, BjA01.FBN1b and BjB05.FBN1b, in mediating PG formation and demonstrated that xanthophyll esters must be deposited in PGs for stable storage. These findings identified a previously unknown carotenoid storage pathway that is regulated by BjPCs and BjFBN1b, while offering unique opportunities for improving the stability, deposition, and bioavailability of carotenoids.

Co-aggregation between whey proteins and carotenoids from yellow mombin (Spondias mombin): Impact of carotenoids' self-aggregation.

The interaction between whey proteins and carotenoid is reported to improve carotenoid solubility and stability, however, the strong trend of carotenoids to aggregate when in polar systems is often neglected in papers addressing their molecular interaction. Therefore, this study focused on characterizing the aggregative behavior of the carotenoids from yellow mombin (Spondias mombin) and to understand how these carotenoids behave when added to aqueous dispersions of whey proteins. Carotenoids-rich extract, containing mainly ß-cryptoxanthin and lutein, was obtained from freeze-dried yellow mombin pulp and its aggregative behavior in ethanol/water medium was studied. By increasing the medium polarity, carotenoids trend to form J-aggregation, causing a drop in the color intensity of the solution. When added to whey protein aqueous dispersions, rather than a protein-carotenoid bimolecular interaction, the formation of co-aggregates between carotenoids and whey proteins was evidenced by preparative size exclusion chromatography. These results may contribute to the developing functional food products.

Development of an HPLC-PDA Method for the Determination of Capsanthin, Zeaxanthin, Lutein, ß-Cryptoxanthin and ß-Carotene Simultaneously in Chili Peppers and Products.

For the better standardization and widespread application of the determination method of carotenoids in both chili peppers and their products, this work reports for the first time the simultaneous determination of five main carotenoids, including capsanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, ß-cryptoxanthin and ß-carotene in chili peppers and their products, with optimized extraction and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. All parameters in the methodological evaluation were found to be in good stability, recovery and accuracy compliance with the reference values; the R coefficients for the calibration curves were more than 0.998; and the LODs and LOQs varied from 0.020 to 0.063 and from 0.067 to 0.209 mg/L, respectively. The characterization of five carotenoids in chili peppers and their products passed all the required validation criteria. The method was applied in the determination of carotenoids in nine fresh chili peppers and seven chili pepper products.

The Effects of Dairy and Plant-Based Liquid Components on Lutein Liberation in Spinach Smoothies.

Lutein is a dietary lipophilic compound with anti-inflammatory properties. We have previously shown that dairy fat can improve the lutein content in spinach smoothies. It is, however, unclear whether fat concentrations and fermentation status in dairy products affect lutein liberation in smoothies. Moreover, plant-based milks vary in fat, protein, and fiber content which may affect lutein dissolution. This study aimed to provide translatable information to consumers by comparing lutein liberation in spinach smoothies made with different dairy or plant-based liquids in domestic settings. The smoothies were digested in vitro, and liberated lutein was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). High-fat and medium-fat cow's milk, as well as coconut milk with and without additives, were found to significantly improve lutein liberation by 36%, 30%, 25%, and 42%, respectively, compared to blending spinach with water alone. Adjustment models suggested that the effects of cow's milk and coconut milk were derived from fat and protein, respectively. On the other hand, soymilk with and without additives showed significantly reduced lutein liberation by 40% and 61%, respectively. To summarize, only 4 out of 14 tested liquids increased lutein liberation in spinach smoothies. The results highlight the importance of testing food companions for lipophilic active ingredients.

Impacts of production conditions on goat milk vitamin, carotenoid contents and colour indices.

The content, composition and variation of vitamin compounds in goat milk have been little studied. An experimental design was based on 28 commercial farms, selected considering the main feeding system (based on main forage and especially pasture access), goat breed (Alpine vs Saanen) and reproductive management (seasonal reproduction), in the main French goat milk production area. Each farm received two visits (spring and autumn) that included a survey on milk production conditions and bulk milk sampling. Milk vitamins (A, E, B2, B6, B9, B12) and carotenoid concentrations plus colour indices were evaluated. A stepwise approach determined the variables of milk production conditions that significantly altered milk indicators. The main forage in the diet was the major factor altering goat milk vitamin and carotenoid concentrations and colour indices. Bulk milk from goats eating fresh grass as forage was richer in α-tocopherol (+64%), pyridoxal (+35%) and total vitamin B6 (+31%), and b* index (characterising milk yellowness in the CIELAB colour space) was also higher (+12%) than in milk from goats eating conserved forages. In milk from goats eating fresh grass, concentrations of pyridoxamine, lutein and total carotenoids were higher than in milk of goats fed corn silage (+24, +118 and +101%, respectively), and retinol and α-tocopherol concentrations were higher than in milk of goats fed partially dehydrated grass (+45 and +55%). Vitamin B2 concentration was higher in milk of goats eating fresh grass than in milk of goats fed hay or corn silage as forage (+10%). However, bulk milk when goats had access to fresh grass was significantly poorer in vitamin B12 than when fed corn silage (-46%) and in γ-tocopherol (-31%) than when fed conserved forage. Alpine goats produced milk with higher vitamin B2 and folate concentrations than Saanen goats (+18 and +14%, respectively). Additionally, the milk colour index that discriminates milks based on their yellow pigment contents was 7% higher in milk from Alpine than Saanen herds, but milk from Saanen goats was richer in lutein (+46%). Goat milks were richer in vitamins B2 and B12 and folates, but poorer in vitamin B6 in autumn than in spring (+12, +133, +15 and -13%, respectively). This work highlights that goat milk vitamin and carotenoid concentrations and colour indices vary mainly according to the main forage of the diet and secondly according to the breed and season.

Plastid diversity and chromoplast biogenesis in differently coloured carrots: role of the DcOR3Leu gene.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Distinct plastid types and ultrastructural changes are associated with differences in carotenoid pigment profiles in differently coloured carrots, and a variant of the OR gene, DcOR3Leu is vital for chromoplast biogenesis. Accumulation of different types and amounts of carotenoids in carrots impart different colours to their taproots. In this study, the carotenoid pigment profiles, morphology, and ultrastructure of plastids in 25 carrot varieties with orange, red, yellow, or white taproots were investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography as well as light and transmission electron microscopy. α-/ß-Carotene and lycopene were identified as colour-determining carotenoids in orange and red carrots, respectively. In contrast, lutein was identified as the colour-determining carotenoid in almost all tested yellow and white carrots. The latter contained only trace amounts of lutein as a unique detectable carotenoid. Striking differences in plastid types that coincided with distinct carotenoid profiles were observed among the differently coloured carrots. Microscopic analysis of the different carotenoid pigment-loaded plastids revealed abundant crystalloid chromoplasts in the orange and red carrots, whereas amyloplasts were dominant in most of the yellow and white carrots, except for the yellow carrot 'Yellow Stone', where yellow chromoplasts were observed. Plastoglobuli and crystal remnants, the carotenoid sequestering substructures, were identified in crystalloid chromoplasts. Crystal remnants were often associated with a characteristic undulated internal membrane in orange carrots or several undulated membranes in red carrots. No crystal remnants, but some plastoglobuli, were observed in the plastids of all tested yellow and white carrots. In addition, the presence of chromoplast in carrot taproots was found to be associated with DcOR3Leu, a natural variant of DcOR3, which was previously reported to be co-segregated with carotene content in carrots. Knocking out DcOR3Leu in the orange carrot 'Kurodagosun' depressed chromoplast biogenesis and led to the generation of yellow carrots. Our results support that DcOR3Leu is vital but insufficient for chromoplasts biogenesis in carrots, and add to the understanding of the formation of chromoplasts in carrots.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of High-Added Value Compounds from Chlorella vulgaris: Experimental Design, Modelling and Optimization.

Microalgae are well-known for their high-added value compounds and their recovery is currently of great interest. The aim of this work is the recovery of such components from Chlorella vulgaris through supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2. The effect of the extraction temperature (40-60 °C), pressure (110-250 bar), and solvent flow rate (20-40 g/min) was tested on yield, the extract's antioxidant activity, and the phenolic, chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Thus, data analysis indicated that the yield was mainly affected by temperature, carotenoids by pressure, while the extract's phenolics and antioxidant activity were affected by the synergy of temperature and pressure. Moreover, SFE's kinetic study was performed and experimental data were correlated using Sovová's mass transfer-based model. SFE optimization (60 °C, 250 bar, 40 g/min) led to 3.37% w/w yield, 44.35 mgextr/mgDPPH antioxidant activity (IC50), 18.29 mgGA/gextr total phenolic content, 35.55, 21.14 and 10.00 mg/gextr total chlorophyll, carotenoid and selected carotenoid content (astaxanthin, lutein and ß-carotene), respectively. A comparison of SFE with conventional aq. ethanol (90% v/v) extraction proved SFE's superiority regarding extraction duration, carotenoids, antioxidant activity and organoleptic characteristics of color and odor despite the lower yield. Finally, cosolvent addition (ethanol 10% w/w) at optimum SFE conditions improved the extract's antioxidant activity (19.46%) as well as yield (101.81%).

Extraction, detection, and imaging of the macular carotenoids.

The term "macular carotenoids" refers to the lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin that are highly concentrated at the center of the human retina. Intraretinal levels of these carotenoids are inversely associated with the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and oral supplementation with these carotenoids can significantly reduce AMD risk. To make macular carotenoid analysis more accessible, we systematically review the current methods for extraction, detection, and imaging of macular carotenoids in both basic and clinical research. We first introduce carotenoid extraction methods from the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid, serum, and liver of the human and animal models, such as mice and Japanese quails, as well as from algae, bacteria, and chicken egg yolks and cultured cells. We then review macular carotenoid detection by spectroscopy and HPLC, while particularly introducing carotenoid separation via cyano columns, chiral columns, and C30 columns. In the end, we summarize the common methods used to image carotenoids in living human eyes: resonance Raman spectroscopy, autofluorescence attenuation spectroscopy, and reflection spectroscopy, and we then review the utility of confocal resonance Raman microscopy to image the macular carotenoids in tissue sections of human and mouse retinas.

The breeder's tool-box for enhancing the content of esterified carotenoids in wheat: From extraction and profiling of carotenoids to marker-assisted selection of candidate genes.

Carotenoid esterification is a new target for cereal biofortification since esterification increases both accumulation and stability of carotenoids. A xanthophyll acyl transferase is responsible for carotenoid esterification in the endosperm of wheat and related cereals. In this chapter we describe the procedures for transferring the carotenoid esterification attribute into wheat using the wild barley Hordeum chilense as donor of the esterification trait, the outline of the breeding program and the protocols for marker assisted selection and the analysis of carotenoids in grain. Biofortified cereals with increased lutein ester content will help to reduce the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration in human populations with limited access to other dietary sources.

Identification of major carotenoids from green alga Tetraspora sp. CU2551: partial purification and characterization of lutein, canthaxanthin, neochrome, and ß-carotene.

The green algae Tetraspora sp. CU2551 was previously identified as a strain with high potential for biohydrogen production; however, its algal biomass characteristics changed from green to reddish orange within 43 days of biohydrogen production. The crude pigments were extracted, partially purified, and characterized by chemical determination. The present study focused on elucidating the carotenoid composition of the selected green alga Tetraspora sp. CU2551. The pigment extract was partially purified and fractionated using thin layer chromatography, and yielded two major and two minor carotenoid bands. The fractions were confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) before being identified and confirmed using Liquid Chromatograph-Quadrupole Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). The spectral data of these fractions revealed four sub-fractions of interest that were lutein, canthaxanthin, neochrome, and ß-carotene, which had percentages in the crude extracts of 30.57%, 25.47%, 7.89%, and 0.71%, respectively. Lutein and canthaxanthin were found to be the major carotenoid pigments present. Our findings in this present study are the first reporting of Tetraspora sp. CU2551 as a potential alternate source for carotenoid pigment production.

Lutein levels in arterial cord blood correlate with neurotrophic calcium binding S100B protein in healthy preterm and term newborns.

BACKGROUND: S100B is an established biomarker of brain development and damage. Lutein (LT) is a naturally occurring xanthophyll carotenoid mainly concentrated in the central nervous system (CNS), but its neurotrophic role is still debated. We investigated whether LT cord blood concentrations correlate with S100B in a cohort of preterm and term healthy newborns. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study on the distribution of LT and S100B in arterial cord blood of healthy preterm (n = 50) and term (n = 50) newborns. RESULTS: S100B and LT showed a pattern of concentration characterized by higher levels (P < 0.01, for all) at 33-36 weeks gestation (GA) followed by a progressive decrease (P < 0.01, for all) from 37 onwards with a dip at term. Both S100B and LT were gender-dependent with significantly (P < 0.01, for all) higher levels in females in preterm and term groups. S100B (R = 0.68; P < 0.001) and LT (R = 0.40; P = 0.005) correlated with GA at sampling. A positive significant correlation (R = 0.87; P < 0.001) between S100B and LT was found. CONCLUSIONS: The present data showing a correlation between S100B and LT supports the notion of a LT trophic role in the CNS. Further investigations in high-risk infants are needed to elucidate LT involvement in the pathophysiological cascade of events leading to CNS development and damage.

Vitamin E and carotenoid profiles in leaves, stems, petioles and flowers of stinging nettle (Urtica leptophylla Kunth) from Costa Rica.

BACKGROUND: Local leafy vegetables are gaining attention as affordable sources of micronutrients, including vitamins, pro-vitamin carotenoids and other bioactive compounds. Stinging nettles (Urtica spp.) are used as source of fibers, herbal medicine and food. However, despite the relatively wide geographical spread of Urtica leptophylla on the American continent, little is known about its content of vitamin E congeners and carotenoids. We therefore investigated the particular nutritional potential of different plant structures of wild Costa Rican U. leptophylla by focusing on their vitamin E and carotenoid profiles. RESULTS: Young, mature and herbivore-damaged leaves, flowers, stems and petioles were collected and freeze-dried. Vitamin E and carotenoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography after liquid/liquid extraction with hexane. α-Tocopherol was the major vitamin E congener in all structures. Flowers had a high content of γ-tocopherol. Herbivore-damaged leaves had higher contents of vitamin E than undamaged leaves. Lutein was the major and ß-carotene the second most abundant carotenoid in U. leptophylla. No differences in carotenoid profiles were observed between damaged and undamaged leaves. CONCLUSION: The leaves of U. leptophylla had the highest nutritional value of all analyzed structures; therefore, they might represent a potential source of α-tocopherol, lutein and ß-carotene. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Carotenoids and Vitamin A in Breastmilk of Hong Kong Lactating Mothers and Their Relationships with Maternal Diet.

Carotenoids and vitamin A are nutrients crucial to infants' development. To date, there is limited data on their availability in breastmilk and the associated dietary factors, especially in Hong Kong, where people follow a westernized Chinese diet. This study determined the selected breastmilk's carotenoid and vitamin A (retinol) contents by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with photodiode detection (UPLC-PDA) and the dietary intakes by three-day food records in 87 Hong Kong lactating mothers, who were grouped into tertiles based on their daily carotenoid intake. Low vitamin A intake (530.2 ± 34.2 µg RAE/day) and breastmilk retinol level (1013.4 ± 36.8 nmol/L) were reported in our participants, suggesting a poor vitamin A status of the lactating participants having relatively higher socioeconomic status in Hong Kong. Mothers in the highest tertile (T3) had higher breastmilk carotenoid levels than those in the lowest (T1) (p < 0.05). There were significant associations between maternal carotenoid intakes and breastmilk lutein levels in the linear regression models (p < 0.05) regardless of dietary supplement intake. Furthermore, maternal dark green vegetable intakes were associated with breastmilk retinol, lutein, and ß-carotene levels. These findings can serve as dietary references for lactating mothers to enhance breastmilk carotenoid and vitamin A contents for the benefits of child growth and development.